Atlantoaxial subluxation is a condition in dogs in which there is instability between the first and second vertebrae in their necks. Smaller dogs are more prone to this painful condition. The name comes from the vertebrae it affects: the first vertebrae is called the "atlas" and the second the "axis."
Causes
Trauma to the neck is the most common cause. Some dogs are born with defects in their necks that make them more prone to this condition, so it might take anything as small as jumping off a bed or piece of furniture, or playing with a person or another dog.
Symptoms
The primary symptom is pain in the neck, which is made worse when the dog moves its neck. The condition can cause weakness in the legs and even paralysis, so the dog may become clumsy or unable to walk.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis usually begins with a physical examination that includes flexing the neck, watching for signs of pain and observing how the dog walks, if it can. If symptoms of atlantoaxial subluxation are present, the veterinarian will take X-rays of the dog's neck. This will involve putting the dog under general anesthesia.
Non-Surgical Treatment
If the pain is not severe and there is no paralysis, the vet may choose to avoid surgery, if possible. Treatment would then involve putting the dog in a neck brace for up to six weeks and keeping the dog confined to a small crate for several weeks to make sure it rests. The dog may also be given steroids or other anti-inflammatories.
Surgical Treatment
If the symptoms are severe, or if they remain or return after trying non-surgical treatments, then surgery will be needed to stabilize the joint between the two vertebrae. This can be done using wires, sutures, pins or bone grafts, depending on the dog, the severity of the condition and the surgeon's preferences. Because of the proximity to the spinal column, there is a risk of paralysis or even death as a complication of the surgery.
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